FDR'S FOREIGN POLICY
- Recognition of the Soviet Union
- 1933 - Granted diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union
- US - Desired foreign trade
- Philippine Independence
- Tydings - Mcduffie Act(1934) - Promised the Philippines complete independence within a decade
- The Good Neighbour Policy
- US - "Would be the neighbour who respects himself and the rights of others."
- Totalitarian: Ccentralized control by an autocratic authority
- The political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to an absolute state authority
japanese in china
- 1931 - Seized Manchuria
- 1937 - Attacked China; rape of Nan King
- December 12, 1937: US gunboat Panay - sunk by Japanese bombs on Yangtze River
- 3 dead, 43 injured
- Italians in Africa 1935 - Italy invaded Ethiopia
- Dreamed of another Italian empire
- Leader - Benito Mussolini - AKA II Duce (II doo chay)
- Abolished democracy, destroyed liberty
- All on the promised of jobs and glory
german expansion
- Germany - Building an enormous new army, making weapons at a frightening speed, and menacing neighbours.
- March 1936 - Militarization of Rhineland
- March 1938 - Seized Austria
- September 1938 - Munich Pact - An attempt to appease Hitler: Dismember Czech and give a piece to Germany (Sudetenland)
- March 1939 - Hitler seized the rest of Czech; appeasement was a failure
- September 1, 1939 - Germany invaded Poland
- WWII begins
- September 3, 1939 GB and France declare war on Germany
rise of isolationism in the usa
- Most government offices and citizens in the 1920's were isolationists
- Felt US should avoid alliances and agreements with other nations
- Nye Committee - Investigators US entry into WWI
- Findings
- International bankers drew US into WWI
- Munitions industry pressed for America entry into war
- Isolation dominated US foreign policy in 1930's
- Neutrality Act, 1935- Authorized the press to bear arms sales to warring nations
- 1936 - Extended neutrality legislation - put limits on sale of arms to belligerents
- Cash and Carry - A country had to pay cash for goods before they left our shores
- The country at war to carry the good on its own ships
- FDR traded 50 old destroyers for the use of 8 British Naval bases
- Legally tried to help allies secure supplies
- FDR and Churchill met - Wanted a better future for the world
- US and GB - Were seeking no territorial gain
- Real reason for the meeting - Churchill wanted American troops to join
- Effects of the war on 1940 election
- Republication nominee - Wendell L Willkte
- Opposed the New Deal
- Democratic Nominee - FDR
- Both wanted to aid GB
- FDR won
- First person elected president for a third term
- New Warfare - Blitzkrieg - lightning war - Adolf Hitler's new strategy
- Depended heavily on air power; struck like lightning from the sky
- Used fastest new vehicles
- Airplanes, tanks, trucks, motorcycles
- Struck quickly at the heart of enemy territory, overwhelming them
- 1940 - In England, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister
us prepares for the war
- FDR warned the US to rearm
- Wanted billions of dollars to create a two - Ocean Navy
- Laos, size of the Air Force greatly increased.
- German submarine "wolf packs" sunk tons of allied supplies
- Main years: 1942 - 1943
- Subs had to be beaten and soon
- Radar and sonar were invented; both could destroy subs
- Japanese - American relations
- 1931- 1940 - Japan Military aggression was military unopposed by the US
- 1940 - Japan became a partner of Germany and Italy
- Japan attacked and expanded through China - July 1941
- US Response - Embargo on all trade with Japan - supplied oil
- US - Demanded Japanese withdraw from China
- Japan had a choice: Give up dream of an empire or Soto war, they chose war
America at war
- Attack on Pearl Harbour
- Sunday December 7th, 1941: Japan attacked the airfield and naval base at Pearl Harbour
- Surprise attack - 1800 AM
- War planes destroyed (120 rippled), 18 naval vessels were sunk or heavily damaged
- More than 70 civilians and 2403 servicemen were killed
- 1177 crewmen of the USS Arizona died in the attack
- Next day - FDR - Japan's "Day of Infamy" plunged the US into war
- Selective serive
- Draft was started in 1940
- By Pearl Harbour - 1.6 million in army
- Millions more volunteered as a result of the attack
- March 1942 - Close to 120,000 Japanese Americans were rounded up and confined to camps
- Were placed in camps because of the threat of possible acts of espionage and sabotage
- 1940 - Industry; just emerging from depression
- 1942 - American production; equal to Germany, Italy, Japan combined
- 1944 - Production was double of Germany, Italy combined
- During WWII, the government regulated industry and controlled the economy to achieve maximum production and efficiency
- Full employment - Inflation occurred
women and minorites
- Women: we can do it
- 1945 - 258000 women were serving in the armed forces
- 18 million were part of the American work force
- Women were needed as workers
- Took a wide variety of jobs in industry
- Ship guards, ammunition, rail yards
- About 1 million African - Americans served in WWII
- African American served in segregated units in the early stages of WWII
- Many African Americans migrated to industrial areas (cities) for jobs
- Over 500,000 Latino-American served and were not segregated
- Conservation and Rationing
- Rationing was used to assure availability of scarce items to all citizens
- Individuals received coupons for a share of the rationed items
- The US and Allies needed everything the US could produced
american strategy
- Get Hitler first
- If Germany won in Europe, US would face aggressor nations alone
- SECOND FRONT
- Russians wanted a second front in Europe
- Wanted allies to invade lands held by Axis Power
- Instead, in July 1942, allies decided to invade North Africa
- INVASION OF NORTH AFRICA
- Germany- Led by "Desert Fox" General Erwin Rommel
- British- Led by General Bernard Montgomery
- Montgomery's army broke through Rommel's African Korps on November 4, 1942 Control of The Air
- British and US forces heavily bombed Germany, but used different strategies
- British "Saturation" bombing- bombed whole areas
- US "Pinpoint" bombing attacked in daylight and could focus bombs on crucial targets
- ATTACK ON EUROPEAN CONTINENT
- D-Day:
- US and Great Britain invasion of France
- Objective- Second front in Europe
- Higgins boat plays big role
- Directed by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower , supreme commander of allied forces
- June 6, 1944- D-Day invasion began
- Conditions- Low tide, half moon, good weather, morning invasion
- FDR was elected to a fourth term
- WWII takes a toll on FDR's health
- December 16, 1944- Battle of the Bulge- Germany's final bid to break the allies
- Germans penetrated 160 miles, creating a "bulge" in the allied lines
- foul weather aided the Germans
- Patton and Montgomery stopped the Advancing Germans
- By the end of January, the bulge was "pinched off"
- German losses- 120,000 of their best men
- It was the single most costly American battle of the war
- Yalta Conference
- FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta to discuss Nazi surrendering
- Stalin- tough, clever bargainer, liar
- Western Democracy needed Stalin's armies
- DEATH OF FDR
- Worn down by wartime burdens, health continued to decline
- Died April 12, 1945 while resting in Warm Springs, Georgia
- March 1945- allies were closing in- US and GB from west and Russia from East
- Churchill- "Shake hands with the Russians as far East as possible"
- THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
- Extent of Japanese conquests:
- Controlled a 4,500 mile area of the Pacific
- Allied policy in Pacific- Active-Defense
- ISLAND HOPPING
- General MacArthur and Nimitz- commander of allied forces
- The allies invaded strategic islands and passed others
- May 3-8, 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea- Draw
- First naval battle where opposing ships never saw each other
- June 4, 1942- Battle of Midway- US victory
- Japans first great naval defeat-huge turning point
- August 7, 1942- Battle of Guadacanal- US victory
- Our troops first exposure to land battle with Japanese
- Fighting was brutal- Japanese would not surrender
- October 20, 1944- Reconquest of the Philippines begins
- Led by MacArthur, US crushes Japanese and knocks out their navy
- February-March- Iwojima-US victory-Airfield
- Goal was to secure Airfield
- 6821 men lost
- flag raised
- March 9-10- Tokyo fire bombing- operation meeting house
- Targeted industrial sites, but was a very populated area
- Utilized 334 B-29 super fortress airplanes
- 100,000 Japanese died in attack- 1 million homeless
- April-June, 1945- Okinawa-US victory
- Brutal fighting- Japan considered it a home island- 12,513 Americans died
- THE ATOMIC BOMB
- Developed after Germans and Italians surrendered; Manhattan Project
- Potsdam Declaration- Allies warned the Japanese:"The alternative to surrender is prompt and utter destruction."
- August 6, 1945- A bomb is dropped on Hiroshima
- August 9, 1945- A bomb is dropped on Nagasaki
- V-J day- August 14, 1945